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Virtuaalimaailmassa tapahtuu: Käsikirja VR-tapahtuman tuotantoon Näytä tarkat tiedot
Virtuaalimaailma ja -teknologia ei ole oikotie onneen. VR-tapahtumaa suunniteltaessa on tärkeä pysähtyä pohtimaan, mitä virtuaalisuus mahdollistaa ja toisaalta mitä jää puuttumaan verrattuna fyysisessä ympäristössä toteutettuun tapahtumaan. Miten VR-ympäristöstä voidaan hyötyä ja miten sen puutteet saadaan korvattua? Virtuaaliseen maailmaan sijoittuvat tapahtuman suunnittelussa on paljon yhtymäkohtia siihen, miten mikä tahansa tapahtuma tuotetaan. Tämä opas keskittyy uusilla teknologioilla toteutettavien tapahtumien tekemiseen erityispiirteisiin.
www.urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-3072-2
https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi:443/bitstrea...26030722.pdf (Aalto-yliopisto - Aaltodoc)
The aim of the study is to analyze uncertainties in broadband access network investments and determine how real option valuation can be used to manage uncertainties. A rough theoretical model for network investment valuation is summarized. The economics of different broadband access technologies, including WiMAX and ADSL and Flash-OFDM, in rural area is analyzed with the developed methods. The adaptation of the service is modeled by different S-shaped curves and those models are used to make service penetration forecasts in Finland. The analyses of investments are based on the statistical characteristics of the simulated net present values (NPV) and investment costs of the projects. Different option valuation methods, e.g., Black-Scholes formula and binomial tree and modular Monte-Carlo simulation, are implemented in the study. These valuation methods are compared with scenario based discounted cash flows. The shape of the NPV distribution for an investment varies depending on the technology and service area of the network. The study shows that the distribution of the network investment costs is log-normal because of the network coverage requirements and the exponential growth of the average network traffic per user. This makes the distribution of the NPV negatively skewed. The shape of the distributions and the valuation models that can theoretically be applied vary from case to case. Thus, there is no single statistical model that could be safely used to optimize the size of the network. The statistical analysis and the comparison of the methods show that Monte-Carlo real option simulation gives the most reliable results. The simulated service area, a small municipality called Ähtäri, seems to be a challenging business case for operators. With wide coverage and an operation period of 8 years, the expectation of the NPV is negative for WiMAX and positive for ADSL. However, the WiMAX network has an option to extend the service area to summer cottages, too. Another analyzed service case, ITS for railways seems to be profitable and comprehends several technology and growth options for train operator.
www.urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-99834-4-5
https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi:443/bitstrea...29983445.pdf (Aalto-yliopisto - Aaltodoc)
This dissertation aims to give a detailed view of how well copyright law is working in the digital environment and how its future looks. The work starts by giving the reader a primer on two central topics in the dissertation, i.e., an overview of technological developments that have changed once again the environment of copyright law work and the economic background of copyright and IPRs. Different methodological approaches are also discussed e.g. how behavioral law and economics and public choice theory should be utilized pertaining to copyright regulation. The main research questions, which are covered in the five original articles, are: Do technical protection measures (TPMs) help to solve the impending demise of copyright? Is the legal enforcement of copyright possible in current or future digital environments? What is the role of social norms in the future of copyright? Regarding the first question, the dissertation argues that the once-prevailing vision of copyright that was based on the belief that without legally technological protection measures, right holders would not release their content to digital distribution has not really turned out to be true. In the contrary, the opposition from the users and profound technical problems have marginalized TPMs in music stores in more advanced markets (i.e. USA) and same development is likely to happen in other categories of works. The answer to second question indicates a more profound problem if the copyright holders cannot prevent unlicensed use of their works, the economic rationale of copyright disappears. The dissertation argues that the foreseeable technical development in digital communication and storage technologies will lead to that result with very high likelihood at least among more consumer-oriented works (music, video), which are typically consumed in the privacy of homes. At the same time the development will make current levy-based systems infeasible general tax for technology. The final question continues from the point where enforcement stops. Social norms may substitute legal norms, which are based on strong enforcement. The dissertation argues that there are positive examples from open source development that which indicate that this approach may be feasible for copyright.
www.urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-6422-2
https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi:443/bitstrea...26064222.pdf (Aalto-yliopisto - Aaltodoc)
The transformation of the Internet from a client-server based paradigm to a content-based one has led to many of the fundamental network designs becoming outdated. The increase in user-generated contents, instant sharing, flash popularity, etc., brings forward the needs for designing an Internet which is ready for these and can handle the needs of the small-scale content providers. The Internet, as of today, carries and stores a large amount of duplicate, redundant data, primarily due to a lack of duplication detection mechanisms and caching principles. This redundancy costs the network in different ways: it consumes energy from the network elements that need to process the extra data; it makes the network caches store duplicate data, thus causing the tail of the data distribution to be swapped out of the caches; and it causes the content-servers to be loaded more as they have to always serve the less popular contents. In this dissertation, we have analyzed the aforementioned phenomena and proposed several methods to reduce the redundancy of the network at a low cost. The proposals involve different approaches to do so--including data chunk level redundancy detection and elimination, rerouting-based caching mechanisms in information-centric networks, and energy-aware content distribution techniques. Using these approaches, we have demonstrated how we can perform redundancy elimination using a low overhead and low processing power. We have also demonstrated that by using local or global cooperation methods, we can increase the storage efficiency of the existing caches many-fold. In addition to that, this work shows that it is possible to reduce a sizable amount of traffic from the core network using collaborative content download mechanisms, while reducing client devices' energy consumption simultaneously.
The Internet is said to improve the consumer’s position in relation to businesses. This is said to result from the improved accessibility of consumer information and, consequently, better decision-making. However, certain difficulties hinder the way to the improved situation. The Internet brings about completely new types of difficulty for consumers, as it is an entirely consumer-driven setting. The study argues that consumers’ Internet search patterns largely determine the information to which the consumer has access. The relevance of this information is vital – it is only used in a decision if it is perceived to match the consumer’s information needs. Access to relevant online information requires an ability to identify and choose appropriate search patterns. The focus is thus on the patterns of Internet search and Internet search expertise. Typologies are created based on differences among seekers of information (i.e. people) and paths to information in the searches. The first finding of the study suggests that in contrast to the previous classifications of seekers, on the Internet, a different approach to “search” and its dimensions is needed. Six Internet seeker typologies emerge based on their characteristic features: high knowledge seekers, navigators, low seekers, social seekers, offline ad seekers, and retail seekers. The composition of the clusters appears stable based on external validation. In previous studies, it is commonly assumed that the inherent properties of information sources distinguish among the search patterns. Results indicate that in online search, the way through which the consumer finds each of the sources is emphasized, rather than the source as such. The search paths in online search belong to heuristic or analytical modes. Specific coding is developed for analyzing the paths to the information. The second finding indicates that consumers’ Internet searches largely rely on heuristics, in other words, trial and error. This happens to the extent that heuristic search is more prominent than analytical search in consumer information acquisition. Although the diagnosticity (i.e. likelihood of finding sufficient information to terminate search) of heuristic search is rather low, it gives the consumer flexibility with different information types. This suggests an interesting conflict between consumers’ specific information needs and flexibility of low-specificity searches. The third finding is that locating information online requires capabilities of consumers. To embrace these, the study introduces the concept of “Internet search expertise”. Structural equation modeling is used to assess its effects. The results show that Internet search expertise increases the effectiveness of the search (gives greater diversity of information) but has negative effects on the efficiency of the search (increases effort). The results may be due to the motivational effects – consumers with Internet search expertise are also highly motivated to search online, to the extent that the relative productivity of the search starts to decrease. Comparisons of two conflicting theories on the relation of Internet search expertise and product class knowledge are performed. One interpretation suggests that Internet search expertise compensates for the lack of product class knowledge, as online information sources are accessible in a uniform fashion. The other suggests that the best results in search require “double expertise”, i.e. presence of both capabilities. The structural equation models support the first theory: Internet search expertise has a positive effect on the diversity of information found, while product class knowledge fails to achieve statistical significance. On the other hand, the results from classifying information seeker types appear to countervail these findings, as product class knowledge is clearly emphasized in certain groups.
www.urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:ula-20111131026
https://lauda.ulapland.fi/bitstrea...b6skirja.pdf (Lapin yliopisto - Lauda)
Minkälaisen maailman teinitytöt kohtaavat internetin keskustelupalstoilla? Saavatko he osakseen esimerkiksi tukea, vähättelyä, ystävyyttä tai häirintää? Tutkimuksessa seurataan kahta tytöille suunnattua keskustelutilaa yhteensä kahden vuoden ajan. Toinen tiloista on Demi-tyttöjenlehden kaupallinen foorumi ja toinen seksuaalivähemmistönuorten perustama epäkaupallinen #closet-kanava. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan erityisesti käsityksiä sukupuolesta ja seksuaalisuudesta, joiden luomiseen keskusteluissa osallistuvat niin yksilöt ja yhteisöt kuin niitä valvova ylläpitokin. Moninainen aineisto koostuu keskustelujen lisäksi muun muassa ryhmä- ja yksilöhaastatteluista sekä valokuvagallerioiden havainnoinneista.